The Payment Service Directive 2 (PSD2) allows non-banks to provide payment services which before were reserved for banks only. The market of services initiating a payment transaction or getting information about account balance will grow, and will also be open for new business models and technologies. The Directive and its implementation standards require all transactions to be handled through secure channels and all data shall be protected regarding authenticity and integrity.

 eSeal - solution for legal persons

The eIDAS regulation introduced Electronic Seals as a solution for legal entities, allowing them to protect authenticity and integrity of electronic documents and data. An Electronic Seal is based on the same technology as an Electronic Signature and also can be Advanced and Qualified. A Qualified Electronic Seal is verified with Qualified Certificate.

The PSD2 Directive opens a considerable market for new solutions in e-banking, account information services and payment initiation services.

The growth of electronic identification systems has been different for each European country during the past several years. European countries have different eID solutions based on whether the issuer is a government or a private eID provider. This article discusses the Federation of eID providers in Poland, which has become the national identification scheme.