Credit cardholders are generally protected from liability if unauthorized transactions are made with their credit cards because of consumer protection laws and card policies. This leaves merchants and financial institutions on the hook for losses related to credit card fraud. According to an October 2016 Nilson Report, card issuers were burdened with 72 percent of fraudulent losses in 2015 while merchants were left with 28 percent of the losses.

This article summarizes the basic cryptographic security services that can be used to protect information (or as a supporting protective mechanism) against attacks, as described in the NIST Special Publication 800-57 (1, rev.4) for Key Management.

EMV chips on payment cards contain cryptographic co-processors and dual interfaces that allow for contact and contactless payment options. When issuing an EMV card, the customer’s information is extracted from the bank or financial institution’s database.

The World Wide Web Consortium or W3C as it is commonly known was founded in 1994 by the original architect of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee. It is a consortium of international companies that are involved with the Web and the Internet.

Under the eIDAs Regulation, specifications for formatting advanced electronic signatures for PDF documents are set under PAdES. PAdES is the electronic signature design for PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures.

The ZertES legislation (Swiss digital signature law) was placed into effect in Switzerland on December 19, 2003. The purpose of this legislation was to regulate the manner for which trust service providers could use certification services with electronic signatures.

One of the greatest benefits of the digital age is the availability of being able to perform many different government processes online in a shorter amount of time versus having to depend upon the postal service or taking time out of a busy day to go stand in a line at a government office.

As defined by Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 (eIDAS), which took effect on 1 July 2016, an electronic signature creation device is software or hardware that has been configured to generate an electronic signature. However, for such a device to be considered a secure signature creation device (SSCD), it must meet the specifications that are stipulated in Annex II of eIDAS

This article sheds light on the two approaches to achieve non-repudiation of an electronic message: non-repudiation of emission and non-repudiation of origin.